Mayo Clinic Q&A: What to know about cervical cancer

DEAR MAYO CLINIC: My mom had a pap smear recently, and the results came back as abnormal. After further testing, we were shocked when she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. She didn't have any symptoms. Now, her health care team is discussing surgery and medications. What should I know about her illness? As her daughter, should I be worried about myself? Most importantly, how I can support her during treatment?

ANSWER: I commend you for finding ways to support your mom through her cervical cancer diagnosis. Gathering reliable information about her illness and treatment is a great start.

Part of the reproductive system, the cervix connects the vagina to the uterus, also known as the womb. By collecting cervical cells (called the Pap smear after the scientist who pioneered the screening test in the mid-1900s), cancer can be detected even at an early stage.

While cervical cancer may cause symptoms of bleeding or pain, it often does not cause any symptoms, especially in early stages. That's why Pap smears typically are recommended every three years for women ages 21 to 65. For women who are 30 and up, Pap smears may be recommended every five years, combined with testing for HPV infection. Pelvic examination with assessment of the cervix and other gynecologic structures, such as the vagina, vulva, urethra, anus, uterus and ovaries, can be easily performed in years when a Pap smear is not due.

HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. It is a frequent viral infection transmitted sexually through skin-to-skin contact. To help protect from cancer in the future, an HPV vaccine is available for males and females starting at ages 9 to 11. The vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for people ages 9 to 45.

Treatment for cervical cancer will depend on many factors. For early-stage cervical cancer, a surgery called a total hysterectomy to remove the cervix and uterus may be considered. A hysterectomy may be performed through a cut in the lower part of the belly. Or a hysterectomy can be done through a cut in the vagina. Minimally invasive procedures, such as with robotic-assisted or laparoscopic surgery using long, thin surgical instruments passed through small cuts in the belly also are options.

However, removing the uterus means pregnancy no longer is possible. Some surgical procedures, such as a trachelectomy (cervix removal), can preserve the uterus and fertility options.

For cervical cancer that has advanced but has not spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy and radiation — delivered internally, externally or both — are typically recommended.

Medications are available for advanced cervical cancer that is continuing, keeps coming back or has spread. Targeted therapy called bevacizumab often is used in combination with other medicines. For patients who test positive for PD-L1 — a type of protein that stops the immune system from attacking cancer — an immunotherapy called pembrolizumab also may be used.

So-called "second-line treatments," such as tisotumab vedotin-tftv, given after earlier treatments have been unsuccessful, also are available and showing improved overall response rate.

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